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The compiler is made up of several passes; each pass is
implemented as a separate program. Note that it is not
necessary for the user to invoke each pass individually, as
the C command runs each pass automatically. Note that the
machine dependent passes are named differently for each pro-
cessor, for example those with 86 in their name are for the
8086 and those with 68K in their name are for the 68000.
The passes are:
CPP The pre-processor - handles macros and conditional com-
pilation
P1 The syntax and semantic analysis pass. This writes
intermediate code for the code generator to read.
CGEN, CG86 etc.
The code generator - produces assembler code.
OPTIM, OPT86 etc.
The code improver - may optionally be omitted, reducing
compilation time at a cost of larger, slower code pro-
duced.
ZAS, AS86 etc.
The assembler - in fact a general purpose macro assem-
bler.
LINK
The link editor - links object files with libraries.
OBJTOHEX
This utility converts the output of LINK into the
appropriate executable file format (e.g. .EXE or .PRG
or .HEX).
The passes are invoked in the order given. Each pass
reads a file and writes a file for its successor to read.
Each intermediate file has a particular format; CPP produces
C code without the macro definitions and with uses of macros
expanded; P1 writes a file containing a program in an inter-
mediate code; CGEN translates this to assembly code; AS pro-
duces object code, a binary format containing code bytes
along with relocation and symbol information. LINK accepts
object files and libraries of object files and writes
another object file; this may be in absolute form or it may
preserve relocation information and be input to another LINK
command.
There are also other utility programs:
LIBR
Creates and maintains libraries of object modules
CREF
Produces cross-reference listings of C or assembler
programs.
implemented as a separate program. Note that it is not
necessary for the user to invoke each pass individually, as
the C command runs each pass automatically. Note that the
machine dependent passes are named differently for each pro-
cessor, for example those with 86 in their name are for the
8086 and those with 68K in their name are for the 68000.
The passes are:
CPP The pre-processor - handles macros and conditional com-
pilation
P1 The syntax and semantic analysis pass. This writes
intermediate code for the code generator to read.
CGEN, CG86 etc.
The code generator - produces assembler code.
OPTIM, OPT86 etc.
The code improver - may optionally be omitted, reducing
compilation time at a cost of larger, slower code pro-
duced.
ZAS, AS86 etc.
The assembler - in fact a general purpose macro assem-
bler.
LINK
The link editor - links object files with libraries.
OBJTOHEX
This utility converts the output of LINK into the
appropriate executable file format (e.g. .EXE or .PRG
or .HEX).
The passes are invoked in the order given. Each pass
reads a file and writes a file for its successor to read.
Each intermediate file has a particular format; CPP produces
C code without the macro definitions and with uses of macros
expanded; P1 writes a file containing a program in an inter-
mediate code; CGEN translates this to assembly code; AS pro-
duces object code, a binary format containing code bytes
along with relocation and symbol information. LINK accepts
object files and libraries of object files and writes
another object file; this may be in absolute form or it may
preserve relocation information and be input to another LINK
command.
There are also other utility programs:
LIBR
Creates and maintains libraries of object modules
CREF
Produces cross-reference listings of C or assembler
programs.
